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물리

Halliday Physics Chapter 21

이 문서의 목차
  1. 1. Electric Charge
    1. (1) Types and Interactions of Electric Charges
    2. (2) Quantization of Charge
    3. (3) Conservation of Charge
    4. (4) Relation between Current and Charge
  2. 2. Electrical Classification of Matter and Charging
  3. 3. Coulomb's Law
  4. 4. Principle of Superposition
  5. 5. Shell Theorem

1. Electric Charge

(1) Types and Interactions of Electric Charges

  • 종류: 양전하\((+)\), 음전하\((-)\)
  • 상호작용: 동종 전하(repulsive force), 이종 전하(attractive force)

(2) Quantization of Charge

  • \(q = ne\), \(n \in \mathbb{Z}\)
  • \(e = 1.602 \times 10^{-19}\text{ C}\)

(3) Conservation of Charge

  • 고립계의 알짜 전하는 일정
  • 예: \(\gamma \to e^{-} + e^{+}\)(쌍생성), 핵반응, 마찰전기, ...

(4) Relation between Current and Charge

  • 전류 \(i = \dfrac{\mathrm dq}{\mathrm dt} \quad \text{[A]}\)
  • \(\text{1 C = 1 A} \cdot \text{s}\) (\(\mathrm dq = i\ \mathrm dt\))

2. Electrical Classification of Matter and Charging

  • Conductor: 자유 전자 존재
  • Insulator: 전자가 원자에 강하게 속박
  • Semiconductor: 도체와 부도체의 중간
  • Charging by Induction: 접촉 없이 대전체 접근과 접지만 일어남

3. Coulomb's Law

  • 점전하 사이 정전기력을 나타냄
  • 스칼라 표현
\[F = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \dfrac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}\]
  • \(k = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} = 8.99 \times 10^{9}\text{ N m}^2 \text{ C}^{-2}\): Coulomb constant
  • \(\varepsilon_0 = 8.85 \times 10^{-12} \text{ C}^2 \text{ N}^{-1} \text{ m}^{-2}\): Permittivity constant of free space
  • 벡터 표현: \(q_2\)가 \(q_1\)에 가하는 힘
\[\mathbf{F}_{12} = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \dfrac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \hat{\mathbf{r}}_{21}\]
  • \(\hat{\mathbf{r}}_{21}\): \(q_2 \to q_1\)으로의 단위벡터
  • 작용-반작용: \(\mathbf{F}_{12} = - \mathbf{F}_{21}\)

4. Principle of Superposition

\[\displaystyle \mathbf{F}_{1, \text{net}} = \sum_{2}^{N} \mathbf{F}_{1i}\]
  • 성분별 분해
    • \(F_{\text{net},x} = \sum F_{i, x}\)
    • \(F_{\text{net},y} = \sum F_{i, y}\)
  • \(|F_{\text{net}}| = \sqrt{{F_{\text{net},x}}^2 + {F_{\text{net},y}}^2}, \quad \tan \theta = \dfrac{F_{\text{net},y}}{F_{\text{net},x}}\)

5. Shell Theorem

  • 총 전하량 \(Q\)의 균일한 구 껍질에 의한 정전기력
\[F = \begin{cases} \dfrac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \dfrac{|Qq|}{r^2} & (\text{외부 점에서}) \\ \\ 0 & (\text{내부 점에서}) \end{cases}\]